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TENS Machines and Tens pad

For various reasons, pain-killing medication is not always acceptable. Another option for pain relief is a Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS machine). TENS machines deliver small electrical pulses to the body via electrodes placed on the skin. This is thought to help ease pain. The research evidence to support the use of TENS machines is not strong, but they seem to be popular with people who have pain.

How effective are TENS machines?

Research trials that have studied the use of TENS machines have provided conflicting results as to how well they work, and how much pain relief they give. Some conclude that they are not effective. Others conclude that they seem to help some people. Further research is needed to clarify their role and effect.

However, TENS machines seem to be popular for various painful conditions. Their popularity would imply that they may well have some effect to reduce pain. However, the amount that the pain is eased is likely to vary from person to person with the same condition.

How do TENS machines work?

Transcutaneous means 'through the skin'. TENS machines deliver small electrical pulses to the body via electrodes placed on the skin. TENS machines are thought to affect the way pain signals are sent to the brain. Pain signals reach the brain via nerves and the spinal cord. If pain signals can be blocked then the brain will receive fewer signals from the source of the pain. We may then feel less pain.

TENS machines are thought to work in two ways:

* When the machine is set on a high pulse rate (90-130 Hz) it is thought to trigger the 'pain gate' to close. The 'pain gate' is a theory that says that when certain non pain-carrying nerves are stimulated then these can can interfere with ('close') signals from nerves that transmit pain. The TENS machine is thought to stimulate certain non pain-carrying nerves. This may then interfere or block pain messages sent to the brain. This is the normal method of use.

* When the machine is set on a low pulse rate (2-5 Hz) it stimulates the body to make its own pain easing chemicals called endorphins. These act a bit like morphine to block pain signals.

Can TENS machines be used by everybody?

TENS machines tend to be mainly used to help reduce pain from problems in muscles, joints and nerves rather than abdominal, chest or head pains. Unlike a lot of medication there are virtually no side-effects when using a TENS machine. However, people with the following must not use a TENS machine:

* When the cause of the pain is not known or not diagnosed.

* Pregnancy (unless specifically medically advised).
* Pacemakers.
* Epilepsy or certain types of heart disease.

How do you use a TENS machine?

It is best to use a TENS machine only on the advice of a doctor or other health professional. They are not suitable for all types of pain or all conditions. There are various types and brands of machine. Always follow the manufactures instructions supplied with the machine. You may also find the following general points helpful:

* TENS machines are designed so that you can move around with them working. You can tuck the machine in a pocket or clip it onto a belt.
* Before placing the electrode pads on the skin make sure the machine is switched off.
* Test the machine by holding the pads between the fingers and then carefully turn it on. You should feel a tingling sensation.
* Make sure the skin where the pads are applied is clean and dry and there are no cuts, grazes or areas of skin irritation.
* Place the pads either side of the pain. Use either self-adhesive pads or flexible rubber pads which should be completely covered on the surface to be applied to the skin with a thin layer of conductive gel. The pads should not be put within an inch (2-3 cm) of each other. Your physiotherapist or doctor will show you where to put the pads.
* Fix the pads to the skin with tape if you intend moving around.
* Set the pulse rate to the required setting (about 100 Hz is about right to start with).
* Switch on the machine slowly and turn it up gradually until you feel a tingle sensation. The sensation needs to be quite strong but not uncomfortable. After a few minutes the sensation will start to drop away slightly. This is called 'accommodation'. When this happens, turn the machine up slightly and then leave it for the rest of the time in use. Do not turn it up too high as this can cause over-stimulation which may make pain worse. There should be no muscle contraction.
* At the end of the session turn the machine off and disconnect the electrodes from the machine. If you intend using TENS again later there is no need to remove the electrode pads from the skin. Simply tuck the wires out of the way and carry on as normal.
* Check that the pads or tape do not irritate the skin. If the skin is red you may need to use a different type of pad, contact gel or tape.
* The machine should be used for at least 45 minutes but can be used for up to 12 hours before the electrodes need to be cleaned and re-sited.
* When you have finished using the machine for the day carefully remove the pads from the skin and clean the skin with ordinary soap and water. Do not pull directly on the wires to remove the pads. If there is any redness or irritation from the pads or tape then the next time you use the machine use a different area of skin.
* If you use rubber pads, clean off the conducting gel with mild soap and water and rinse them well. Do not wash the self-adhesive type of pad.

Cautions when using a TENS machine

* Do not place electrode pads on broken or damaged skin.
* Do not place electrode pads over the front or side of the neck, close to eyes or in the mouth.
* Do not use over areas of reduced sensation.
* Do not use near water such as in the bath or shower.
* Do not use when driving or operating machinery.

In a review limited to randomised studies in acute postoperative pain [2], TENS machine and tens pad was judged by the reviewers to be no better than placebo in 15 out of 17 randomised studies. Of 19 trials with pain outcomes which were not randomised, 17 of 19 the authors of the original papers had concluded that TENS machine and tens pad had a beneficial effect. This is another good example of bias in non-randomised studies (see Bandolier 17 ).

TENSmachine and pad in labour pain

The Canadian review [1] summarised 6/9 randomised trials as reaching negative conclusions. This is a similar result to the second review [3], which examined eight reports, of which five were judged to have a negative result with TENS machine and pad no better than placebo or sham-TENS. However, the three studies which were judged to be positive were positive only on weak outcomes like additional pain relieving measures and increased time to epidural local anaesthetic.

Additional analgesic interventions were significantly less likely with the use of TENS [3], with a number-needed-to-treat of 14 (95%CI 7 - 119) for one woman in labour to be spared an epidural or intramuscular injection. Of the four trials which reported this outcome, only the two smaller trials (23 women receiving TENS machine and pad) were statistically significant, while the two larger studies (208 women receiving TENS machine and tens pad) were not significantly different from placebo.

A randomised trial of 94 women in the first stage of labour published since the reviews were done [4] undermines even this possible level of benefit. It found no difference in analgesic requirement between active TENS machine and tens pad and disabled TENS equipment, nor any difference on pain scores. TENS machine and tens pad in chronic pain

The Canadian review found 20 randomised trials, of which nine were definitely positive for TENS machine and tens pad on some measure, but eight were negative for TENS.

A disappointing review limited to chronic low back pain [5] included just six papers. Two of the original studies were of electroacupuncture, which is not the same as TENS. One trial had only ten patients randomised, six patients to TENS and four to placebo. TENS machine and tens pad was not significantly different from placebo. Electroacupuncture was significantly better than placebo, but in only two studies with 30 patients given electroacupuncture.

What is one to make of all this?
First of all there are methodological considerations. Adequate blinding of TENS machine and tens pad is extremely difficult, so that most trials should best be regarded as open even if described a blinded. This must confer some degree of bias towards TENS.

Second, there was a tendency in all these reviews to point to an overall lack of methodological rigour in the original studies (but acknowledging that these trials are difficult). The trials with the best methods tended to produce negative results.

Then there is the issue of statistical validity. Put simply, many of these trials make a number of different measurements, only some of which show statistical benefit. So choosing just those measurements which are significant, and ignoring those that are not significant, can give a spurious weight to a review. This is especially true when statistical benefit is of dubious clinical value. Reviewers and readers should always make up their own minds, not just take a headline result chosen because of statistics.

So our reading of these reviews should be sceptical, especially when, as in acute postoperative pain, there are adequate alternatives. For labour pain there may just be an argument for good quality trials which examine the issue of delay or avoidance of interventions like epidurals or intramuscular opiates which carry some risk to mother or baby.

Babies and bathwater

Chronic pain is a different matter. Where the evidence is not clear cut, where some patients are seen to benefit, and where alternatives may not work for all patients, then carrying on using TENS machine and tens pad until there is some clarification makes sense. That does put some heat on getting well-designed studies of sufficient power to provide practically useful answers underway.

In the meantime, those of you who see full-page adverts in the national newspapers full of happy souls extolling the virtues of TENS machine and tens pad might like to refer the Advertising Standards Authority to these reviews.

Over half of us suffer from chronic pain such as back or joint pain. Whether you have one of these conditions, or just suffer from intermittent pain, you know it can stop you doing even the simplest of things.

Pain Facts:
• 1 in 7 people in the UK suffers from chronic pain.
• TENS stands for Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
• TENS is now regularly recommended by doctors, physiotherapists and pharmacists throughout the UK
• Back pain is the largest single reported cause of absence from work in the UK

What if there was a safe, affordable and effective form of pain relief for a range of different complaints which you could use alongside over the counter or prescription pain relief medication?

The Fore care TENS machine delivers small, painless electrical pulses to the body via electrodes placed on the skin. This blocks the way pain signals are sent to the brain and stimulates the body to produce its own pain relieving chemicals called endorphins.

TENS is a highly effective treatment for pain. It is used worldwide and recommended by sports coaches, physiotherapy departments, pain clinics, doctors and other medical practitioners. A TENS unit will ease pain, and should result in a decrease of drug intake! For many the relief is dramatic.

Features of the Lloydspharmacy Dual Channel TENS Machine:

• Approved by Action On Pain
• 2 output channels (Each independently adjusted to provide different intensities and stimulations on different parts of the body)
• 8 mode settings to provide different pain relief and massage effects
• 8 output intensities to suit different parts of the body and pain
• Touch control buttons and large LCD display
• 4 gel pads
• Use alongside drug therapy
• Lightweight and portable making it easy to use as a massager

How does Dual Channel TENS work?

Dual Channel TENS works by passing harmless electrical signals into the body from its pads. This relieves pain in two ways:

Firstly, it blocks the body's pain signals which are normally transmitted from the area of damage through the nerve fibres to the brain - TENS interrupts these pain signals.

Secondly, TENS stimulates the body's production of endorphins - its own natural painkillers.

The Dual Channel TENS Machine comes with 2 sets of pads (4 in total) and each set can be used independently from each other. This means that each set can be positioned on different stimulation settings and at different intensities.

Who will TENS work for?

Use the Dual Channel TENS Machine for at least 15 minutes a day; however, you may need to wear it for longer initially to gain pain relief.

Numerous painful medical conditions can be eased with our Dual Channel TENS Machine including:

• Rheumatoid and Osteo-arthritis
• Phantom Limb Pain, Sports Injuries
• Sciatica, Aching Joints
• Muscular Pain Whiplash and Neck Injury
• Back pain
• Menstrual Pain
• Shingles

Please note that batteries are not included (4 x AAA required)

Safety Warning:

NOT FOR USE DURING PREGNANCY OR LABOUR. Not suitable for people with pacemakers or other implanted medical devices, or for people with heart rhythm problems. Cancer patients, people with epilepsy or diabetes should consult their doctor or glucose care pharmacist before use. Not suitable for children under 16 years of age. Please refer to user manual for additional warnings and cautions.
Quantity: Buy

This information is available for use by the general public. Whilst every care has been taken to ensure this information is accurate, it should not be solely relied upon. Please ensure that you read any label and instructions prior to use. For further advice or information, please see our terms and conditions.

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Manufacturer's Description

These Tens pads are uniquely compatible with the Fore-care TENS machine and have been designed especially for this unit. Fore-care TENS replacement electrodes have integral leads and the Tens pads themselves measure 48 x100mm. The four pads are reuseable up to 30 times, allowing you to practice before the birth and, should it be necessary, to move them around during labour without fear of them losing their stickiness. The resealable packet means that they will remain fresh and hygienically sealed, even after you have opened them.
TensCare have researched and tested multitudes of pads to find the best available, and continue to do so. All of our pads are hypoallergenic and extremely high quality. Please be wary of cheaper pads on the market; most of these are single-use and often have limited conductivity. If you care for your pads well, including replacing the electrodes on the plastic film, sealing the packet after each use, and keeping your skin clean, dry and free of products, the amount of use may be increased. Do NOT share your pads with another person. For hygiene reasons, and because the pads will dry our after a year, replacement electrodes for the Fore-care TENS should be purchased for each new birth.
These electrodes are not suitable for general pain relief TENS units, although pads for these are available. If yours is not a Fore-care TENS, please see the list of Tens-Care accessories available on Amazon to purchase the most appropriate electrodes for your unit.

Product Description
Replacement electrode pads for use with Fore-care Tens devices Pack of 4 with integral leads, Tromed tens pad, Electrode ems pads is world leading manufacturing tens machine and tens pad.

Hair dye

Hair dye products, hair dye tips, hair dye for men & women, home hair dying colours, organic hair dye, highlights, special effects.

Hair Dye is very common nowdays and over 75% of women have dyed or colored hair at any one time sometimes to cover grey hair and sometimes just for a change of look, men are also dying their hair more often now but tend to use the gradual hair dying method
where they lose a little more grey after each wash.

If you are going to have your hair dyed then we would of course recommend going to a hair salon and have it done professionally because you can’t beat the results but sometimes you just can’t afford either the time it takes or the prices they charge so we are here to give you some tips and advice on how to dye your hair, but remember what works well for one person can be a disaster for another.

Chemicals such as ammonia and peroxide can damage your hair and the effects get worse the more often you dye it plus your hair will react differently to different levels of the chemicals found in various types of products, there are three main types of hair dye on the market and the first is semi-permanent, this adds to your normal hair colour without covering it up, this is also useful for areas of grey hair where you want to just blend it into your normal colouring and it has no ammonia or peroxide, it normally washes out after around a dozen shampoos. If you want something that lasts a bit longer then try demi-permanent because this will last twice as long this also does not contain ammonia but does have some peroxide in it.

If you want a permanent change of hair colour then permanent hair dye does what it says, it will change your hair from any colour to any colour but be very careful because this will not wash out at all, if you get it wrong the only thing you can do is either dye it again with a different colour or wait until it grows out, this product contains both peroxide and ammonia.

Hair dye tips

Hair dying tips, see our hair dying tips, tips on hair dying, we have great hair dying tips, best hair dying tips, blonde, redhead, brown.

First of all it helps if you understand a little bit about the technical side of how hair dyes work. Semi-permanent colour consists of tiny molecules that enter through the cuticle but they don’t affect the natural pigmentation of the hair. Because these molecules are so small they can be washed out after only half a dozen washes. Demi-permanent colour also enters through the cuticle but it combines with other molecules in your hair to give larger molecules and these take longer to wash out, which brings us to Permanent hair dyes, these react after entering your hair because they use ammonia and peroxide and this makes the molecules much too big to be washed back out of the hair. If you keep this information about molecules in mind when deciding which hair dye to use then it will stop you from choosing the wrong product.

Always make sure that you do a strand test before dying your hair, this makes sure that you have the colour you want and that you don’t react to the dye, remember different dyes from different makers have different chemicals in them. If you have long hair make sure that you cover it properly with the dye otherwise you will end up with streaks you don’t want and make sure that your hair is clean and damp before applying the dye. Make sure that your bathroom or wherever else you dye your hair has plenty of fresh air because hair dye has some powerful chemicals in it, don’t use hair conditioner for a day or so before putting on the hair dye but you should shampoo your hair to makes sure that it’s clean. If you stain your skin when dyeing your hair then rub on a little alcohol to remove it (vodka works well ), but if you put some petroleum jelly or vaseline on your skin before dying it will prevent staining in the first place. You will lose some hair when dying it but to keep this to a minimum after you have dyed it rinse it with cold or lukewarm water.

Hair dye Highlights tips

Blonde highlights, foil highlights, hair painting, highlights for brown hair, highlights for blonde hair, highlights and lowlights.

There are four ways to highlight your hair and they are known as Foil Highlights, Hair Painting, Chunking and Lowlights, with each of these methods you are only dying parts of your hair, foil highlighting is where you wrap foil around the hair that you don't want dyed and then use a brush to apply dye to the rest, hairpainting is used a lot in salons and involves using a brush or comb to paint the dye onto your hair, chunking is where you take a large chunk of hair and dye it and last of all lowlights is as the name implies where you dye parts of your hair a darker colour than it is at the moment.

If you have never had highlights before then a good tip is to go to a reputable salon the first time and let them tell you which shade best compliments your hair and watch carefully as they apply the highlights (take notes if you need to) and then the next time you want highlights you have a firm base to work from.

Hair colours are either warm tones or cool tones, cool tones include, deep coffee brown, dishwater blonde, golden blonde, medium ash brown, medium golden brown, blue-black, and white. This will look best if highlighted in one of the following tones, raven blacks, cool blondes, ash browns, burgundy & bright red.
Warm tones are, red, strawberry blonde, deep brown and gray. This will be best highlighted with golden blonde, red, golden brown, deep chocolate and orange.

When highlighting your hair be sure to use only a semi permanent dye so that it can be washed out easily if you don't like the effect or just fancy a change, remember that if you dye or highlight your hair too much you could end up with split ends, hair loss, dandruff, dryness and lots of frizz.

Hair dye for Men Tips
Hair dye for men, best hair dye for men, just for men hair dye, colour hair dye for men, gradual hair dye for men, shampoo.

Some men look better with a little grey at the temples, a bit more distinguished, but others don't and if this is the case then it's best to use a little dye to cover it up. The dye most often used by men is a gradual shampoo in dye which is semi permanent and colours the hair a little more each time it's used so that there isn't a sudden change of colour.

You should bear in mind that as with the ladies dyes the swatches on the mens dyes will not be accurate because these assume that you are using it on white hair only, most men will want to use it on coloured hair with some grey in it, so the answer is to go a couple of shades lighter than what you want, so if you want dark brown then skip medium brown and go for light brown then it should blend in with your own dark brown hair.

Dying Your Beard
The same people that make gradual hair dye for men also make hair dye for beards this can also be used on your moustache but should never be used on eyebrows, eyebrows should not be dyed because if the chemicals get into your eyes you have to go straight up to the hospital, pronto.

Hair dye for beards comes with a colourant and a developer it is very messy and you are advised not to get any of it anywhere that you don't want it to go, a good tip is to use vasaline or petroleum jelly and apply it to the skin around the beard or tash, you leave it on for about five minutes and then wash off and give it a good shampoo with a mild shampoo, first of all it may look a little lighter than you want but it seems to continue to work after it's on and an hour later you should have a good idea if all of your hard work is a job well done, then you can pass on these tips to your men friends about how to dye their beards and moustaches

Get Blonde Hair

Blonde hair, how to get blonde hair, dye hair from brown to blonde, blonde hair dye tips, home dying blonde hair.

Obviously it's best to go to a salon and get your hair dyed properly but if you are determined to go blonde at home here are a few tips, the darker your hair colour the more difficult it will be to go blonde, make sure that your hair is in good condition before you try and dye it and if you have had it relaxed, permed or dyed before then leave it for a few weeks to settle down and get the chemicals out.

You'll need a pack of pre-lightener and some blonde dye (you may need more than one pack of pre-lightener if you have long hair), do a sensitvity test and a strand test, apply pre-lightener to the strand and wait and see how it changes. This gives you an approximate time for leaving the pre-lightener on and gives you a good idea of how your hair is going to react to the process.

It's always best to have a friend to help you because it's hard to see anything around the back of your head. Start applying the pre-lightener as specified by the instructions, you normally do this with a comb starting at the roots and working towards the ends until the whole head is covered and save a little in case you need it for touching up, within 10 minutes you'll see your hair starting to change colour and over the next 45 minutes your hair will go through colour changes from brown, light brown, dark orange, light orange, bright yellow and pale yellow, don't get frightened and take it off too early, this is what's supposed to happen, but don't let your hair turn white either.
Now you have pre-lightened hair take your earlier strand test and apply some of the blonde dye, time it to see exactly how long it takes to get to the shade of blonde that you want and then do the same to your head quickly and smoothly, when time is up, rinse and condition, hey you are now a blonde.

Hair Color Hints
Hair colour hints, we give you hints and tips for hair colour & home hair colour, tips for split ends & hair colour tips & hints.

So you've dyed your hair and it now looks great but how do you keep it that way for as long as possible before you have to go through it all again? well here's a few tips for keeping the colour in your hair and your money in your pocket.

When you shampoo your hair you should use a color safe shampoo, if you look around you can find some without too much trouble and always remember that your hair needs conditioning even more when you have had it dyed but make sure that the conditioner is also for color treated hair and if it's got UVA &UVB protection then that's even better in fact when you are out in direct sunlight it's best to wear a hat because the sunlight can oxidise the colour in your hair and slightly change the shade of it but the problem is that it won't be an even colour.

You should always rinse dyed hair with cool water and never hot water because cool water will help to close the cuticle of your hair which is the outer layer and this will trap in the colour and if you decide to go swimming either in the pool or in the sea here's a great tip for you, rinse your hair in cool water before you go swimming this will help to stop your hair from absorbing chlorine or salt water.

If you find that you have dyed your hair too dark then you should ask the advice of the colourist at your local salon, however some people say that if you shampoo your hair with fairy liquid and leave it on for at least half an hour it will help to strip the colour from your hair, but of course we would not recommend doing this.

If you have split ends then you should avoid hair dryers because it means that your hair is already too dry so what it needs is some loving care and also conditioning, so look for a leave-in conditioner, make sure that your comb has no teeth missing and is in good condition and never backcomb your hair also don't use a metal comb because it will cause your hair to split more.

Hair dye color for website

Human Hair color is the pigmentation of hair dye follicles due to two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, if more melanin is present, the color of the hair is darker; if less melanin is present, the hair is lighter. Levels of melanin can vary over time causing a person's hair color to change, and it is possible to have hair follicles of more than one color.

Particular hair dye mascara colors can be associated with ethnic groups - however, due to migration and global travel, considerable variations have developed in the hair dye mascara color of individuals within an ethnic group, creating a greatly increased diversity of hair color.

Genetics and biochemistry of hair dye color

Natural hair dye colors

Brown hair dye color

Black hair dye color

Blonde hair dye color

Auburn hair dye color

Red hair dye color

Grey and white hair dye color

Conditions affecting hair mascara dye color

Effects of aging on hair dye mascara color

Genetics and biochemistry of hair dye color

Two types of pigment give hair its dye mascara color: eumelanin and phaeomelanin. Phaeomelanin colors hair red. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair dye color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blonde hair dye , whereas a higher concentration of brown eumelanin will color the hair dye brown. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair dye , while low concentrations give gray hair dye . All humans have some phaeomelanin in their hair dye color .
Phaeomelanin is more chemically stable than black eumelanin, but less chemically stable than brown eumelanin, so it breaks down more slowly when oxidized. This is why bleach gives darker hair dye a reddish tinge during the artificial coloring process. As the phaeomelanin continues to break down, the hair dye mascara will gradually become orange, then yellow, and finally white.

The genetics of hair dye colors are not yet firmly established. According to one theory, at least two gene pairs control human hair dye color.

One gene, (brown/blonde) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blonde allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair dye; a person with no brown alleles will be blonde. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blonde-haired child.

The other gene pair is a not-red/red pair, where the not-red allele (which suppresses production of pheomelanin) is dominant and the allele for red hair is recessive. A person with two copies of the red-haired allele will have red hair dye , but it will be either auburn or bright reddish orange depending on whether the first gene pair gives brown or blonde hair, respectively.

The two-gene model does not account for all possible shades of brown, blonde, or red (for example, platinum blonde versus dark blonde/light brown), nor does it explain why hair color sometimes darkens as a person ages. Several gene pairs control the light versus dark hair color in a cumulative effect. A person's genotype for a multifactorial trait can interact with environment to produce varying phenotypes (see quantitative trait locus).

Natural hair dye colors

Natural hair dye color can be black, brown, blonde, or red, depending on a person's ethnic origins. Hair dye color is genetically associated with certain skin tones and eye colors.
Black hair , Dark brown hair ,Brown hair ,Auburn hair ,Red hair, Blonde hair ,Grey (gray) hair , White hair ,Brown hair

Brown hair dye

Brown hair dye is the second most common hair color, the most common in Europe and some other parts of the world. It is characterized by higher levels of eumelanin and lower levels of phaeomelanin. Of the two types of eumelanin (black and brown), brown-haired people have brown eumelanin; they also usually have medium-thick strands of hair dye . Brown-haired people are also known as brunettes.

Black hair dye
Black hair is the darkest and the most common color of human hair. It has large amounts of eumelanin and is less dense than other hair colors

Blonde hair
Blonde hair dye ranges from nearly white (platinum blonde, tow-haired) to a dark golden blonde. Strawberry blonde, a mixture of blonde and red hair only (thought to have originated in Celtic and Scandinavian countries) is a much rarer type containing the most amounts of phaeomelanin.

Blonde hair dye can have almost any proportion of phaeomelanin and eumelanin, but both only in small amounts. More phaeomelanin creates a more golden blonde color, and more eumelanin creates an ash blonde. Blonde hair is common in many European peoples, but rare among peoples of non-European origin. Many children born with blonde hair develop darker hair as they age.

Auburn hair dye
Auburn hair dye ranges from light to reddish brown. The chemicals which cause auburn hair are eumelanin (brown) and phaeomelanin. It is most commonly found in individuals of European descent.
Red hair dye mascara

Red hair dye ranges from vivid strawberry shades to deep auburn and burgundy, and is the rarest fully distinct hair color on earth. It is caused by a variation in the Mc1r gene and believed to be recessive.[2] Red hair has the highest amounts of phaeomelanin and usually low levels of eumelanin, and is the rarest natural human hair color.[citation needed]
Grey and white hair dye color
"White hair" redirects here. For the Native American leader, see White Hair. For the fictional character, see White hair dye.
Grey hair dye color typically occurs naturally as people age (see "Effects of aging on hair color", below). For some people this can happen at a very young age (ie: at the age of 10). The same can be said for white hair. In some cases, grey hair may be caused by thyroid deficiencies or a deficiency of .
Conditions affecting hair dye color/nEffects of aging on hair color

Children born with some hair colors may find it gradually darkens as they grow. Many blonde, strawberry blond, light brown, or red haired infants experience this.
Changes in hair dye color typically occur naturally as people age, eventually turning the hair gray and then white. This is called achromotrichia. More than 40 percent of Americans have some gray hair by age 40, but white hairs can appear as early as childhood. The age at which graying begins seems almost entirely due to genetics. Sometimes people are born with gray hair because they inherit the trait.

Two genes appear to be responsible for the process of graying, Bcl2 and Bcl-w. The change in hair color occurs when melanin ceases to be produced in the hair root and new hairs grow in without pigment. The stem cells at the base of hair follicles produce melanocytes, the cells that produce and store pigment in hair and skin. The death of the melanocyte stem cells causes the onset of graying.
Other medical conditions affecting hair dye color
Albinism is a genetic abnormality in which little pigment is found in human hair, eyes or skin. The hair is white or pale blond.
Vitiligo is a patchy loss of hair and skin color that may occur as the result of an auto-immune disease.
Malnutrition is also known to cause hair to become lighter, thinner, and more brittle. Dark hair may turn reddish or blondish due to the decreased production of melanin. The condition is reversible with proper nutrition.

Werner syndrome and pernicious anemia can also cause premature graying.

A recent study demonstrated that people 50-70 years of age with dark eyebrows but gray hair are significantly more likely to have type II diabetes than those with both gray eyebrows and hair.
Artificial factors affecting hair dye color
A 1996 British Medical Journal study conducted by J.G. Mosley, MD found that tobacco smoking may cause premature graying. Smokers were found to be four times more likely to begin graying prematurely, compared to nonsmokers
Gray hair dye may temporarily darken after inflammatory processes, after electron-beam-induced alopecia, and after some chemotherapy regimens. Much remains to be learned about the physiology of human graying There are no special diets, nutritional supplements, vitamins, nor proteins that have been proven to slow, stop, or in any way affect the graying process, although many have been marketed over the years. This may change in the near future. French scientists treating leukemia patients with a new cancer drug noted an unexpected side effect: some of the patients' hair color was restored to their pre-gray color.[8]
Changes in hair dye color after death

The hair dye color of mummies or buried bodies can change. Hair contains a mixture of black-brown-yellow eumelanin and red pheomelanin. Eumelanin is less chemically stable than pheomelanin and breaks down faster when oxidized. It is for this reason that Egyptian mummies have reddish hair. The color of hair changes faster under extreme conditions. It changes more slowly under dry oxidizing conditions (such as in burials in sand or in ice) than under wet reducing conditions (such as burials in wood or plaster coffins
Hair dye coloring
A hairdresser colors a client's hair.
Hair coloring
Hair color can be changed by a chemical process. Hair coloring is classed as "permanent" or "semi-permanent".
Permanent color, as the name suggests, permanently colors the hair - however because hair is constantly growing, the color will eventually grow out as new, uncolored hair grows in.
Permanent hair dye color gives the most flexibility because it can make hair lighter or darker as well as changing tone and color, but there are negatives. Constant (monthly or six-weekly) maintenance is essential to match new hair growing in to the rest of the hair, and remedy fading. A one-color permanent dye creates a flat, uniform color across the whole head, which can look unnatural and harsh, especially in a dark shade. To combat this, the modern trend is to use multiple colors - usually one color as a base with added highlights or lowlights in other shades.

Semi-permanent hair dye color washes out over a period of time - typically four to six weeks, so root regrowth is less noticeable. The final color of each strand is affected by its original color and porosity, so there will be subtle variations in color across the head - more natural and less harsh than a permanent dye. However, this means that gray and white hair will not dye to the same color as the rest of the head (in fact, some white hair will not absorb the color at all). A few gray and white hairs will blend in sufficiently not to be noticeable, but as they become more widespread, there will come a point where a semi-permanent alone will not be enough. The move to 100% permanent color can be delayed by using a semi-permanent as a base color, with permanent highlights.

Semi-permanent hair dye color cannot lighten hair. Hair can only be lightened using chemical lighteners, such as bleach. Bleaching is always permanent because it removes the natural pigment.

"Rinses" are a form of temporary hair color, usually applied to hair during a shampoo